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89 0 0 0 1 1. Not to be confused with Mandrill. Baboons are primates comprising the genus Papio, one of the 23 genera of Old World monkeys. Baboons vary in size and weight depending on the species. Baboons are diurnal and terrestrial, but sleep in trees, or on high cliffs or rocks at night, away from predators.
They are found in open savannas and woodlands across Africa. Females typically give birth after a six-month gestation, usually to one infant. The females tend to be the primary caretaker of the young, although several females may share the duties for all of their offspring. Offspring are weaned after about a year. They reach sexual maturity around five to eight years.
Six species of Papio are recognized, although there is some disagreement about whether they are really full species or subspecies. Chacma baboon, Papio ursinus, found in southern Africa. Olive baboon, Papio anubis, found in the north-central African savanna. Kinda baboon, Papio kindae, found in miombo woodlands in Central Africa.
Yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus, found in south-central and eastern Africa. Kinda baboon has gained support for its species status after phylogenetic studies of all members of Papio. In 2015 researchers found the oldest baboon fossil on record, dated at 2 million years old. All baboons have long, dog-like muzzles, heavy, powerful jaws with sharp canine teeth, close-set eyes, thick fur except on their muzzles, short tails, and rough spots on their protruding buttocks, called ischial callosities. All baboon species exhibit pronounced sexual dimorphism, usually in size, but also sometimes in colour or canine development. Males of the hamadryas baboon species also have large white manes. The neutrality of this section is disputed.
Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Baboons are able to acquire orthographic processing skills, which form part of the ability to read. Their principal predators are Nile crocodiles, lions, spotted and striped hyenas, and leopards. The collective noun for baboons is “troop”. Most baboons live in hierarchical troops.
Group sizes are typically around 50 animals, but can vary between 5 and 250, depending on species, location and time of year. Baboons can determine from vocal exchanges what the dominance relations are between individuals. When a confrontation occurs between different families or where a lower-ranking baboon takes the offensive, baboons show more interest in this exchange than those between members of the same family or when a higher-ranking baboon takes the offensive. Robert Sapolsky reported on a troop, known as the Forest Troop, during the 1980s, which experienced significantly less aggressive social dynamics after its most aggressive males died off during a tuberculosis outbreak, leaving a skewed gender ratio of majority females and a minority of low-aggression males. Baboon mating behavior varies greatly depending on the social structure of the troop. In the mixed groups of savanna baboons, each male can mate with any female. The mating order among the males depends partially on their social ranking, and fights between males are not unusual.